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DESCRIPTION
The “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete” (“Code”) covers the materials, design, and construction of structural concrete used in buildings and where applicable in nonbuilding Structures. The Code also covers the strength evaluation of existing concrete structures.
Among the subjects covered are: contract documents; inspection; materials; durability requirements; concrete quality, mixing, and placing; formwork; embedded pipes; construction joints; reinforcement details; analysis and design; strength and serviceability; flexural and axial loads; shear and torsion; development and splices of reinforcement; slab systems; walls; footings; precast concrete; composite flexural members; prestressed concrete; shells and folded plate members; strength evaluation of existing structures; provisions for seismic design; structural plain concrete; strut-and- tie modeling in Appendix A; alternative design provisions in Appendix B; alternative load and strength reduction factors in Appendix C; and anchoring to concrete in Appendix D.
The quality and testing of materials used in construction are covered by reference to the appropriate ASTM standard specifications. Welding of reinforcement is covered by reference to the appropriate American Welding Society (AWS) standard. Uses of the Code include adoption by reference in general building codes, and earlier editions have been widely used in this manner. The Code is written in a format that allows such reference without change to its language. Therefore, background details or suggestions for carrying out the requirements or intent of the Code portion cannot be included.
The Commentary is provided for this purpose. Some of the considerations of the committee in developing the Code portion are discussed within the Commentary, with emphasis given to the explanation of new or revised provisions. Much of the research data referenced in preparing the Code is cited for the user desiring to study individual questions in greater detail. Other documents that provide suggestions for carrying out the requirements of the Code are also cited.
Keywords: admixtures; aggregates; anchorage (structural); beam-column frame; beams (supports); building codes; cements; cold weather construction; columns (supports); combined stress; composite construction (concrete and steel); composite construction (concrete to concrete); compressive strength; concrete construction; concrete slabs; concretes; construction joints; continuity (structural); contract documents; contraction joints; cover; curing; deep beams; deflections; earthquake-resistant structures; embedded service ducts; flexural strength; floors; folded plates; footings; formwork (construction); frames; hot weather construction; inspection; isolation joints; joints (junctions); joists; lightweight concretes; load tests (structural); loads (forces); materials; mixing; mixture proportioning; modulus of elasticity; moments; pipe columns; pipes (tubing); placing; plain concrete; precast concrete; prestressed concrete; prestressing steels; quality control; reinforced concrete; reinforcing steels; roofs; serviceability; shear strength; shear walls; shells (structural forms); spans; splicing; strength; strength analysis; stresses; structural analysis; structural concrete; structural design; structural integrity; T-beams; torsion; walls; water; welded wire reinforcement.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1—GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
1.1—Scope
1.2—Contract documents
1.3—Inspection
1.4—Approval of special systems of design or construction
CHAPTER 2—NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS
2.1—Code notation
2.2—Definitions
CHAPTER 3—MATERIALS
3.1—Tests of materials
3.2—Cementitious materials
3.3—Aggregates
3.4—Water
3.5—Steel reinforcement
3.6—Admixtures
3.7—Storage of materials
3.8—Referenced standards
CHAPTER 4—DURABILITY REQUIREMENTS
4.1—General
4.2—Exposure categories and classes
4.3—Requirements for concrete mixtures
4.4—Additional requirements for freezing-and-thawing exposure
4.5—Alternative cementitious materials for sulfate exposure
CHAPTER 5—CONCRETE QUALITY, MIXING, AND PLACING
5.1—General
5.2—Selection of concrete proportions
5.3—Proportioning on the basis of field experience or trial mixtures, or both
5.4—Proportioning without field experience or trial mixtures
5.5—Average compressive strength reduction
5.6—Evaluation and acceptance of concrete
5.7—Preparation of equipment and place of deposit
5.8—Mixing
5.9—Conveying
5.10—Depositing
5.11—Curing
5.12—Cold weather requirements
5.13—Hot weather requirements
CHAPTER 6—FORMWORK, EMBEDMENTS, AND CONSTRUCTION JOINTS
6.1—Design of formwork
6.2—Removal of forms, shores, and reshoring
6.3—Embedments in concrete
6.4—Construction joints
CHAPTER 7—DETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT
7.1—Standard hooks
7.2—Minimum bend diameters
7.3—Bending
7.4—Surface conditions of reinforcement
7.5—Placing reinforcement
7.6—Spacing limits for reinforcement
7.7—Concrete protection for reinforcement
7.8—Reinforcement details for columns
7.9—Connections
7.10—Transverse reinforcement for compression members
7.11—Transverse reinforcement for flexural members
7.12—Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement
7.13—Requirements for structural integrity
CHAPTER 8—ANALYSIS AND DESIGN—GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
8.1—Design methods
8.2—Loading
8.3—Methods of analysis
8.4—Redistribution of moments in continuous flexural members
8.5—Modulus of elasticity
8.6—Lightweight concrete
8.7—Stiffness
8.8—Effective stiffness to determine lateral deflections
8.9—Span length
8.10—Columns
8.11—Arrangement of live load
8.12—T-beam construction
8.13—Joist construction
8.14—Separate floor finish
CHAPTER 9—STRENGTH AND SERVICEABILITY REQUIREMENTS
9.1—General
9.2—Required strength
9.3—Design strength
9.4—Design strength for reinforcement
9.5—Control of deflections
CHAPTER 10—FLEXURE AND AXIAL LOADS
10.1—Scope
10.2—Design assumptions
10.3—General principles and requirements
10.4—Distance between lateral supports of flexural members
10.5—Minimum reinforcement of flexural members
10.6—Distribution of flexural reinforcement in beams and one-way slabs
10.7—Deep beams
10.8—Design dimensions for compression members
10.9—Limits for reinforcement of compression members
10.10—Slenderness effects in compression members
10.11—Axially loaded members supporting slab system
10.12—Transmission of column loads through floor system
10.13—Composite compression members
10.14—Bearing strength
CHAPTER 11—SHEAR AND TORSION
11.1—Shear strength
11.2—Shear strength provided by concrete for nonprestressed members
11.3—Shear strength provided by concrete for prestressed members
11.4—Shear strength provided by shear reinforcement
11.5—Design for torsion
11.6—Shear-friction
11.7—Deep beams
11.8—Provisions for brackets and corbels
11.9—Provisions for walls
11.10—Transfer of moments to columns
11.11—Provisions for slabs and footings
CHAPTER 12—DEVELOPMENT AND SPLICES OF REINFORCEMENT
12.1—Development of reinforcement—General
12.2—Development of deformed bars and deformed wire in tension
12.3—Development of deformed bars and deformed wire in compression
12.4—Development of bundled bars
12.5—Development of standard hooks in tension
12.6—Development of headed and mechanically anchored deformed bars in tension
12.7—Development of welded deformed wire reinforcement in tension
12.8—Development of welded plain wire reinforcement in tension
12.9—Development of prestressing strand
12.10—Development of flexural reinforcement—General
12.11—Development of positive moment reinforcement
12.12—Development of negative moment reinforcement
12.13—Development of web reinforcement
12.14—Splices of reinforcement—General
12.15—Splices of deformed bars and deformed wire in tension
12.16—Splices of deformed bars in compression
12.17—Splice requirements for columns
12.18—Splices of welded deformed wire reinforcement in tension
12.19—Splices of welded plain wire reinforcement in tension
CHAPTER 13—TWO-WAY SLAB SYSTEMS
13.1—Scope
13.2—General
13.3—Slab reinforcement
13.4—Openings in slab systems
13.5—Design procedures
13.6—Direct design method
13.7—Equivalent frame method
CHAPTER 14—WALLS
14.1—Scope
14.2—General
14.3—Minimum reinforcement
14.4—Walls designed as compression members
14.5—Empirical design method
14.6—Nonbearing walls
14.7—Walls as grade beams
14.8—Alternative design of slender walls
CHAPTER 15—FOOTINGS
15.1—Scope
15.2—Loads and reactions
15.3—Footings supporting circular or regular polygon-shaped columns or pedestals
15.4—Moment in footings
15.5—Shear in footings
15.6—Development of reinforcement in footings
15.7—Minimum footing depth
15.8—Transfer of force at base of column, wall, or reinforced pedestal
15.9—Sloped or stepped footings
15.10—Combined footings and mats
CHAPTER 16—PRECAST CONCRETE
16.1—Scope
16.2—General
16.3—Distribution of forces among members
16.4—Member design
16.5—Structural integrity
16.6—Connection and bearing design
16.7—Items embedded after concrete placement
16.8—Marking and identification
16.9—Handling
16.10—Strength evaluation of precast construction
CHAPTER 17—COMPOSITE CONCRETE FLEXURAL MEMBERS
17.1—Scope
17.2—General
17.3—Shoring
17.4—Vertical shear strength
17.5—Horizontal shear strength
17.6—Ties for horizontal shear
CHAPTER 18—PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
18.1—Scope
18.2—General
18.3—Design assumptions
18.4—Serviceability requirements—Flexural members
18.5—Permissible stresses in prestressing steel
18.6—Loss of prestress
18.7—Flexural strength
18.8—Limits for reinforcement of flexural members
18.9—Minimum bonded reinforcement
18.10—Statically indeterminate structures
18.11—Compression members—Combined flexure and axial loads
18.12—Slab systems
18.13—Post-tensioned tendon anchorage zones
18.14—Design of anchorage zones for monostrand or single 5/8 in. diameter bar tendons
18.15—Design of anchorage zones for multistrand tendons
18.16—Corrosion protection for unbonded tendons
18.17—Post-tensioning ducts
18.18—Grout for bonded tendons
18.19—Protection for prestressing steel
18.20—Application and measurement of prestressing force
18.21—Post-tensioning anchorages and couplers
18.22—External post-tensioning
CHAPTER 19—SHELLS AND FOLDED PLATE MEMBERS
19.1—Scope and definitions
19.2—Analysis and design
19.3—Design strength of materials
19.4—Shell reinforcement
19.5—Construction
CHAPTER 20—STRENGTH EVALUATION OF EXISTING STRUCTURES
20.1—Strength evaluation—General
20.2—Determination of required dimensions and material properties
20.3—Load test procedure
20.4—Loading criteria
20.5—Acceptance criteria
20.6—Provision for lower load rating
20.7—Safety
CHAPTER 21—EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT STRUCTURES
21.1—General requirements
21.2—Ordinary moment frames
21.3—Intermediate moment frames
21.4—Intermediate precast structural walls
21.5—Flexural members of special moment frames
21.6—Special moment frame members subjected to bending and axial load
21.7—Joints of special moment frames
21.8—Special moment frames constructed using precast concrete
21.9—Special structural walls and coupling beams
21.10—Special structural walls constructed using precast concrete
21.11—Structural diaphragms and trusses
21.12—Foundations
21.13—Members not designated as part of the seismic-force-resisting system
CHAPTER 22—STRUCTURAL PLAIN CONCRETE
22.1—Scope
22.2—Limitations
22.3—Joints
22.4—Design method
22.5—Strength design
22.6—Walls
22.7—Footings
22.8—Pedestals
22.9—Precast members
22.10—Plain concrete in earthquake-resisting structures
APPENDIX A—STRUT-AND-TIE MODELS
A.1—Definitions
A.2—Strut-and-tie model design procedure
A.3—Strength of struts
A.4—Strength of ties
A.5—Strength of nodal zones
APPENDIX B—ALTERNATIVE PROVISIONS FOR REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED
CONCRETE FLEXURAL AND COMPRESSION MEMBERS
B.1—Scope
APPENDIX C—ALTERNATIVE LOAD AND STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTORS
C.9.1—Scope
C.9.2—Required strength
C.9.3—Design strength
APPENDIX D—ANCHORING TO CONCRETE
D.1—Definitions
D.2—Scope
D.3—General requirements
D.4—General requirements for strength of anchors
D.5—Design requirements for tensile loading
D.6—Design requirements for shear loading
D.7—Interaction of tensile and shear forces
D.8—Required edge distances, spacings, and thicknesses to preclude splitting failure
D.9—Installation and inspection of anchors
APPENDIX E—STEEL REINFORCEMENT INFORMATION
APPENDIX F—EQUIVALENCE BETWEEN SI-METRIC, MKS-METRIC, AND U.S. CUSTOMARY
UNITS OF NONHOMOGENOUS EQUATIONS IN THE CODE
COMMENTARY REFERENCES
INDEX
1. ACI 318M-11 (SI-Metric Unit)
2. ACI 318M-11 (US-Customary Unit
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